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Ranked voting system
There are many types of preferential voting, but only instant-runoff voting (alternative vote) and single transferable vote are being used in governmental elections. Instant runoff voting is employed in Australia at the state and federal levels, in Ireland for its presidential elections, and by some cities in the United States, United Kingdom, and New Zealand. The single transferable vote is used for national elections in the Republic of Ireland and Malta, for regional and local elections in Northern Ireland, for all local elections in Scotland, and for some local elections in New Zealand and the United States.
== Variety of systems ==
There are many preferential voting systems, so it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between them.
Selection of the Condorcet winner is generally considered by psephologists as the ideal election outcome, so "Condorcet efficiency" is important when evaluating different methods of preferential voting.〔Gofman and Feld, 2004, pp. 649〕 This choice is also the one that would win every two-way contest against every other alternative.〔
Another criterion used to gauge the effectiveness of a preferential voting system is its ability to withstand manipulative voting strategies,〔Gofman and Feld, 2004, pp. 647〕 when voters cast ballots that do not reflect their preferences in the hope of electing their first choice. This can be rated on at least two dimensions—the number of voters needed to game the system〔Gofman and Feld, 2004, pp. 652〕 and the complexity of the mechanism necessary.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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